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Combahee River Collective
The Combahee River Collective was a Black feminist lesbian organization active in Boston from 1974 to 1980.〔(Duchess Harris. Interview with Barbara Smith. )〕〔Marable, Manning; Leith Mullings (eds), ''Let Nobody Turn Us Around: Voices of Resistance, Reform, and Renewal'', Combahee River Collective Statement, Rowman and Littlefield, 2000, ISBN 0-8476-8346-X, p. 524.〕 The Collective was instrumental in highlighting that the white feminist movement was not addressing their particular needs.〔Women's Realities, Women's Choices: An Introduction to Women's and Gender Studies. ,
2005.〕 They are perhaps best known for developing the Combahee River Collective Statement,〔The full text of the Combahee River Collective Statement is available (here ).〕 a key document in the history of contemporary Black feminism and the development of the concepts of identity as used among political organizers and social theorists.〔Hawkesworth, M. E.; Maurice Kogan. ''Encyclopedia of Government and Politics'', 2nd edn Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-415-27623-3, p. 577.〕〔Sigerman, Harriet. ''The Columbia Documentary History of American Women Since 1941'', Columbia University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-231-11698-5, p. 316.〕
==Beginnings in the NBFO==
Author Barbara Smith and other delegates attending the first (1973) regional meeting of the National Black Feminist Organization in New York provided the groundwork for the Combahee River Collective with their efforts to build a NBFO Chapter in Boston.〔Bowen, Angela. Combahee River Collective, ''Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender History in America'', October 2005 issue.〕〔Collier-Thomas, Bettye; Vincent P. Franklin, ''Sisters in the Struggle: African American Women in the Civil Rights Movement'', NYU Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8147-1603-2, p. 292.〕
In her 2001 essay "From the Kennedy Commission to the Combahee Collective", historian and African American Studies professor Duchess Harris states that, in 1974 the Boston collective "observed that their vision for social change was more radical than the NBFO", and as a result, the group chose to strike out on their own as the Combahee River Collective.〔Harris, Duchess. "From the Kennedy Commission to the Combahee Collective", in ''Sisters in the Struggle'', Collier-Thomas et al. (eds), New York University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8147-1602-4, p. 294.〕 Members of the CRC, notably Barbara Smith and Demita Frazier, felt it was critical that the organization address the needs of Black lesbians, in addition to organizing on behalf of Black feminists.〔
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